There is controversy on whether perfumery was completely lost in Western Europe after the fall of the Western Roman Empire. Both the raw ingredients and the distillation technology significantly influenced western perfumery and scientific developments, particularly chemistry. Rose water was more delicate, and immediately became popular. Until his discovery, liquid perfumes consisted of mixtures of oil and crushed herbs or petals, which made a strong blend. The Persian chemist Ibn Sina (also known as Avicenna) introduced the process of extracting oils from flowers by means of distillation, the procedure most commonly used today. described by Synesius in the 4th century ). The book also described 107 methods and recipes for perfume-making and perfume-making equipment, such as the alembic (which still bears its Arabic name. In the 9th century the Arab chemist Al-Kindi (Alkindus) wrote the Book of the Chemistry of Perfume and Distillations, which contained more than a hundred recipes for fragrant oils, salves, aromatic waters, and substitutes or imitations of costly drugs. In May 2018, an ancient perfume "Rodo" (Rose) was recreated for the Greek National Archaeological Museum's anniversary show "Countless Aspects of Beauty", allowing visitors to approach antiquity through their olfaction receptors. In ancient times people used herbs and spices, such as almond, coriander, myrtle, conifer resin, and bergamot, as well as flowers. They were discovered in an ancient perfumery, a 300-square-meter (3,230 sq ft) factory housing at least 60 stills, mixing bowls, funnels, and perfume bottles. The perfumes date back more than 4,000 years. In 2003, archaeologists uncovered what are believed to be the world's oldest surviving perfumes in Pyrgos, Cyprus. Ancient Egyptian perfume vessel in shape of a monkey 1550-1295 BC faience height: 6.5 cm, width: 3.3 cm, depth: 3.8 cm Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)
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